Robert Moorman
Frank S. Holt, Jr. Professor of Business Leadership and Professor of Organizational Behavior
Department: Management and Entrepreneurship
Email: rmoorman@elon.edu
Phone number: (336) 278-5950
Professional Expertise
Brief Biography
Robert H. Moorman is the Frank S. Holt Jr. Professor of Business Leadership at the Martha and Spencer Love School of Business, Elon University. Prior to joining Elon in 2011, he held the Robert Daugherty Chair in Management at Creighton University. He received his Ph.D. in Organizational Behavior from Indiana University in 1990.
Professor Moorman teaches leadership and organizational behavior classes and consults with businesses on the topics of leadership development and workplace engagement. Professor Moorman’s research interests include the study of leader integrity, work group cooperation, organizational justice, and the performance of organizational citizenship behaviors. He has published articles on these and other topics in Leadership and Organization Development, Leadership Quarterly, Academy of Management Journal, the Journal of Organizational Behavior, the Journal of Applied Psychology, the International Journal of Leadership Studies, the European Management Journal, and Group and Organizational Management. He has also co-authored book chapters on the relationship between trust and organizational citizenship behavior (published in the Oxford Handbook on Organizational Citizenship) and on the relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior published in The Handbook of Organizational Justice. In a 2008 study of the impact of management research, Professor Moorman was ranked as #121 in a list of most cited scholars in the field of management from 1981 – 2004. In between 1990 and 2023, his research has been cited over 31,000 times by other scholars.
News & Notes
Education
- Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, Ph.D. in Organizational Behavior, August, 1990
- Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, MBA in Management, May, 1989
- The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, BA in Geology, June, 1983
Employment History
- 2011 – present: Frank S. Holt Jr. Professor of Business Leadership, The Martha and Spencer Love School of Business, Elon University
- 2008 – 2011: Professor and Robert B. Daugherty Endowed Chair in Management, Director of the Anna Tyler Waite Center for Leadership, College of Business Administration, Creighton University
- 2007 – 2008: Associate Dean for Graduate Business Programs, Professor and Robert B. Daugherty Endowed Chair in Management, Director of the Anna Tyler Waite Center for Leadership, College of Business Administration, Creighton University
- 2004 – 2007: Professor and Robert B. Daugherty Endowed Chair in Management, Director of the Anna Tyler Waite Center for Leadership, College of Business Administration, Creighton University
- 2000- 2004: Associate Professor and Robert B. Daugherty Endowed Chair in Management, Director of the Anna Tyler Waite Center for Leadership, College of Business Administration, Creighton University
- 1999-2000: Visiting Associate Professor of Management, College of Business Administration, Creighton University
- 1996-1999: Associate Professor of Management and Industrial Relations, College of Business and Economics, West Virginia University
- 1990-1996: Assistant Professor of Management, College of Business and Economics, West Virginia University
Courses Taught
Management 3230 (MGT 323): Management and Organizational Behavior
Management 4120 (MGT 412): Advanced Organizational Behavior
BUS 1110 (BUS 111): Gateway to Business
MBA 6230: Leadership and Organizational Behavior
MBA 581 - IS: International Study in Asia (various trips visiting China, Vietnam, Thailand, and Singapore)
MANT 561: Managing Teams in Organizations (for the University of Otago, New Zealand)
Elon 1010: First semester course for first-year students.
Leadership Positions
Department Chair, the Department of Management and Entrepreneurship, 2019 - 2023.
Director, The Leadership Prize, Elon University, 2014 – 2018. 2019 - 2021. I developed and implemented The Leadership Prize program, a scholarship program to fund scholarly projects to address significant social issues.
Leadership Mentor, Leadership Fellows Program, 2017 – 2018, Elon University. I served as the Faculty mentor for the 2017-2021 Leadership Fellows.
Associate Dean for Graduate Business Programs, Creighton University, 2007 – 2008. I was responsible for the administration of three graduate degree programs – a Masters of Business Administration (MBA) program, a Masters of Information Technology Management program, and a Masters of Security Analysis and Portfolio Management program. I was also responsible for all graduate programs recruitment, admissions, and curriculum. In addition to graduate programs responsibilities, I worked with the Dean on strategic initiatives, fundraising, accreditation, and other special projects. Central to my efforts this past year has been the implementation of a curriculum redesign in the MBA program.
Director, the Anna Tyler Waite Center for Leadership, Creighton University, 2001 – 2011. The Waite Center offers leadership development activities for Creighton University students and faculty and for greater Omaha business executives. The center is endowed by the Waite Family with an initial gift of $1.1 million. The Waite Family has since given an additional $1 million to fund additional leadership scholarships. As director, I developed and sponsored a Leadership Conversations series and other leadership development activities. I have also developed and sponsored the Creighton Business Symposium, which is a professional event for students in the College of Business Administration and the greater Omaha business community. In 2010, we hosted over 450 students and 100 business partners for a series of keynote addresses and panel discussions. Students organizing the event raised between $40,000 and $50,000 each year to cover all expenses.
Developer and Program Coordinator, Anna Tyler Waite Leadership Scholars, 2000 – 2011. The Anna Tyler Waite Leadership Scholars Program is a co-curricular leadership development program offered to undergraduate business administration students at Creighton University. The program is a four-year program where students participate in a series of activities designed to promote their understanding of leadership and their leadership skills. In 2009 – 2010, over 240 students (out of 650 business students) were enrolled in the program.
Publications
Lyons, B.D., Moorman, R.H. & Michel, J.W. (In press). The Vanishing Applicant: Uncovering Aberrant Antecedents to Ghosting Behavior. Accepted for publication in the Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology.
Moorman, R.H., Lyons, B.D., & Grover, S. (In press). Sustaining engagement: How follower resilience may mitigate the negative effects of dark triad leaders. To be published in 2024 in Psychological Reports.
Moorman, R.H., Lyons, B.D., Mercado, B.K. & Klotz, A.C. (2024). Driving the extra-mile in the gig economy: The motivational foundations of Gig Worker Citizenship. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 11, 363–91.
Lyons, B. D., Alonso, A., Moorman, R. H., & Miller, A. (2020). Implications for selection. In B. J. Hoffman, M. K. Shoss, & L. A. Wegman (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of the changing nature of work. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, p. 297.
Lyons, B.D., Moorman, R.H. & Mercado, B.K. (2019). Normalizing mistreatment? Investigating Dark Triad, LMX, and abuse", Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 40 No. 3, pp. 369-380.
Moorman, R. H., Blakely, G. L., & Darnold, T. C. (2018). Understanding how Perceived Leader Integrity Affects Follower Trust: Lessons from the Use of Multidimensional Measures of Integrity and Trust. In press at the Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies.
Moorman, R.H., Brower, H.H. & Grover, S.L. (2016). Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Trust: Pursuing an Upward Spiral. In P.M. Podsakoff, S.B. MacKenzie, and N.P. Podsakoff (Eds.). Oxford Handbook of Organizational Citizenship Behavior.
Moorman, R.H., Darnold, T.M., & Priesemuth, M. (2013). Perceived leader integrity: Supporting the construct validity and utility of a multi-dimensional measure in two samples. The Leadership Quarterly, 27, 427 - 444.
Moorman, R.H., Darnold, T.M., Priesemuth, M., & Dunn, C.P. (2012). Toward the measurement of perceived leader integrity: Introducing a multidimensional approach. Journal of Change Management,12, 383 – 398.
Moorman, R.H. & Fransecky, R. (2009). A matter of integrity: What exactly is integrity and why is it so critical for today’s leaders to possess? Creighton Magazine, Fall/Winter, 24 – 27.
Moorman, R.H. & Grover, S.L. (2009). Why Does Leader Integrity Matter to Followers? An Uncertainty Management-Based Explanation. The International Journal of Leadership Studies, 5, 102 – 114.
Grover, S.L. & Moorman, R.H. (2009). Challenges to leader integrity. In T. Hernes & C. Garsten (Eds.), Ethical Dilemmas in Management, pp. 53-63, Erlbaum Press.
Grover, S.L. & Moorman, R.H. (2007). Grasping the meaning and interpretation of integrity in business leadership. Editorial introducing a special issue on Leader Integrity (S. Grover and R. Moorman, Eds.), European Management Journal, 25, 167 – 170.
Wells, D.W., Moorman, R.H. & Werner, J. (2007). How does the perceived purpose of electronic performance monitoring impact an array of attitudinal variables? Human Resource Development Quarterly, 18, 121 – 138.
Blakely, G.L., Srivastava, A., & Moorman, R.H. (2005). The effects of nationality, work role centrality, and work locus of control on role definitions. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 12, 103 – 117.
Blakely, G.L., Andrews, M.C., & Moorman, R.H. (2005). The moderating effects of equity sensitivity on the relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behaviors. The Journal of Business and Psychology, 20, 259 – 273.
Moorman, R.H. & Byrne, Z.S. (2005). What is the role of justice in promoting organizational citizenship behavior? In Greenberg, J. & Colquitt, J.A. (Eds.), Handbook of Organizational Justice: Fundamental Questions about Fairness in the Workplace. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, p. 355 – 380.
Moorman, R.H. & Danielson, M.A. (2004). What do followers expect from leaders? Creighton University Magazine, Summer, 2004, p. 32-36. Reprinted in Leadership From the Ground Up, a participant workbook for the 10th Annual Worldwide Luminary Series on Leadership, October, 2004.
Moorman, R.H. & Wells, D.L. (2003). Can electronic performance monitoring be fair? Exploring relationships among monitoring characteristics, perceived fairness, and job performance. The Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 10, 2-16.
Moorman, R.H., Wells, D., & Wilwerding, S. (2003). Leadership development as an extra-curricular activity: Guiding the undergraduate leadership development experience. In Pillai, R. and Stites-Doe, S. (Eds.), Reinventing Leadership Education for the 21st Century, Leadership Horizons Press, pp. 203 – 226.
Moorman, R.H. & Harland, L.K. (2002). Temporary workers as good citizens: Factors influencing their organizational citizenship behavior performance. Journal of Business and Psychology, 17, 171 – 187.
Niehoff, B.P., Moorman, R.H., Blakely, G.L., & Fuller, J. (2001). The influence of empowerment and job enrichment on employee loyalty in a downsizing environment. Group and Organization Management, 26, 93-113.
Moorman, R.H., Blakely, G.L., & Niehoff, B.P. (1998). Does organizational support mediate the relationship between procedural justice and organizational citizenship behavior? Academy of Management Journal, 41, 351-357.
Blakely, G.L., Blakely, E.H., & Moorman, R.H. (1998). The effects of training on perceptions of sexual harassment. The Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 71-83.
Niehoff, B.P. & Moorman, R.H. (1996). Exploring the relationships between top management behaviors and employee perceptions of fairness. International Journal of Public Administration, 19, 941-961.
Moorman, R.H. & Sayeed, L. (1995). Can computer usage promote organizational citizenship? An exploratory study. The Journal of Management Systems, 7, 29-42.
Blakely, G.L., Blakely, E.H., & Moorman, R.H. (1995). Relationship between gender, personal experience, and perceptions of sexual harassment in the workplace. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 8, 263-274.
Moorman, R.H. & Blakely, G.L. (1995). Individualism-Collectivism as an individual difference predictor of organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16, 127-142.
Sayeed, L. & Moorman, R.H. (1994). The use of information technology and computer mediated communication systems in a corporate division. Journal of International Information Management, 3, 1-18.
Sayeed, L. & Moorman, R.H. (1994). Comparing data processing personnel with other departments in a downsized corporation. Journal of Information Technology Management, 5, 21-26..
Moorman, R.H. (1993). The influence of cognitive and affective based job satisfaction measures on the relationship between satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior. Human Relations, 46, 759-776.
Moorman, R.H., Niehoff, B.P., & Organ, D.W. (1993). Treating employees fairly and organizational citizenship behavior: Sorting the effects of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and procedural justice. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 6, 209-225.
Niehoff, B.P. & Moorman, R.H. (1993). Justice as a mediator of the relationship between methods of monitoring and organizational citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 527-556.
Organ, D.W. & Moorman, R.H. (1993). Fairness and organizational citizenship behavior: What are the connections? Social Justice Research, 6, 5-18.
Moorman, R.H. & Podsakoff, P.M. (1992). A meta-analytic review and empirical test of the potential confounding effects of social desirability response sets in organizational behaviour research. The Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 65, 131-149.
Moorman, R.W. & Moorman, R.H. (1992). Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: Encouraging citizens at work. The National Association of Purchasing Managers Insights, 3 (4), 6.
Moorman, R.H. (1991). The relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior: Do fairness perceptions influence employee citizenship? Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 845-855.
Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S., Moorman, R.H., & Fetter, R. (1990). The influence of transformational leader behaviors on organizational citizenship behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 1, 107-142.
Presentations
Selected Presentations:
Prengel, A., Lyons, B.D., & Moorman, R.H. (2021). Antecedents and Contextual Influences of Applicant Ghosting and Reneging Behaviors. Paper presented at the 2022 Meetings of the Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychologists, Seattle, WA.
Moorman, R.H., Lyons, B.D. & Grover, S.L. (2020). Coping with a Dark Triad Leader: Using Follower Resilience to Reengage. Presentation at the 2020 Meetings of the Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychologists, Austin, TX (suspended)
Lyons, B.L., Moorman, R.H. & Mercado, B. (2019). Seeking Refuge: How LMX Helps Weather Abusive Behavior of Dark Triad Leaders. Presentation at the 2019 Meetings of the Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychologists, Washington, DC.
Moorman, R. H. & Lyons, B. L. (2018). Dark Triad Leadership and Follower Motives: Will You Follow the Devil You Know? Presentation at the 2018 Meetings of the Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychologists, Chicago, IL.
Moorman, R.H., Blakely, G.L, & Darnold, T.M. (2017). The relationship between perceived leader integrity and trust: Identifying mechanisms using two dimension models of integrity and trust. Presented at the 2017 Meetings of the Association for Business Research, New Orleans, LA.
Moorman, R.H., Brower, H.H. & Grover, S.L. (2016). OCB and Trust: Toward the establishment of a reinforcing spiral. In Traditional Predictors of OCB: Reviews and Recommendations for Future Research, 2016 Academy of Management Meetings, Anaheim, California.
Moorman, R.H., Darnold, T.M., & Priesemuth, M. (2012). A preliminary test of a multi-dimensional measure of perceived leader integrity. Presented at the 2012 Meetings of the Academy of Management, Boston, MA.
Dunn, C.P, Moorman, R.H., and Grover, S.L. (2007). Why does leader integrity matter? Discussion session presented at the 2007 Meetings of the International Association of Business and Society (IABS), Florence, Italy, May 31 – June 3, 2007.
Grover, S.A., Louche, H., and Moorman, R.H. (2006). Leaders and the Organizing Power of Integrity. Subtheme organized for the 22nd EGOS Colloquium "The Organizing Society" in Bergen, Norway July 6 - July 8, 2006.
Moorman, R.H. & Byrne, Z. (2006) From fairness to OCBs: Opening the black box. In D. Chiaburu & S. Marinova, Chairs, Advances in understanding OCB at work: From social exchanges to contingency perspectives. Symposium accepted for presentation at the Academy of Management Meetings, Atlanta, GA.
Wells, D.W. & Moorman, R.H. (2006). The relationship between the perceived purpose of electronic monitoring and positive job attitudes. In J. Aiello, Chair, Electronic performance monitoring: Effectiveness and fairness. Symposium accepted for presentation at the Academy of Management Meetings, Atlanta, GA.
Moorman, R.H., Blakely, G.L., and Niehoff, B.P. (2005). Helping Students Develop Leadership Skills: Three Examples of Innovative Approaches to Teaching Leadership in the Classroom. Paper accepted for presentation at the 2005 Meetings of the American Society of Business and Behavioral Sciences, Las Vegas, NV
Blakely, G.L., Srivastava, A., & Moorman, R.H. (2005). US – China comparative study on role definitions. Paper presented at the 2005 Meetings of the Society of Industrial/Organizational Psychologists (SIOP), Los Angeles, CA.
Grover, S. & Moorman, R.H. (2004). Leadership Integrity: How Honesty and Consistency of Leaders Influence Organisational Conscience. Paper presented at the 20th EGOS Colloquium 31. Exploring Organizational Conscience, Ljubljana, July 1 - 3, 2004.
Wells, D.L. & Moorman, R.H. (2004). The Relationship of Perceived EPM Purpose to Perceptions of Fairness, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Commitment. 2004 Meetings of the Midwest Academy of Management, Minneapolis, MN.
Moorman, R.H. (2003). Refining Our Understanding of the Mechanisms the Link Perceived Fairness and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors. Part of the Symposium “New Frontiers for OCB Research (R. Moorman, Chair). 2003 Midwest Academy of Management Meetings, St. Louis, MO.
Moorman, R.H. & Wells, D.L. (2003). Can electronic performance monitoring be fair? Paper presented at the 2003 Midwest Academy of Management Meetings, St. Louis, MO. Chosen as Best Paper in the Conference
Moorman, R.H. (2002). Not just a walk in the woods: An evaluation of the effectiveness of using a low ropes course for team building. Paper presented at the 2002 Midwest Academy of Management Meetings, Indianapolis, IN.
Harland, L.H. & Moorman, R.H. (2001). Predicting Organizational Citizenship Behavior Performance and Job Attitudes in Temporary Employees: Understanding the Impact of the Staffing Agency and the Client Organization. Paper presented at the 2001 Academy of Management Meetings, Washington, D.C.
Blakely, G.L., Andrews, M., & Moorman, R.H. (2001). Equity sensitivity as a moderator of the relationship between perceptions of fairness and organizational citizenship behaviors. Paper presented at the 2001 Academy of Management Meetings, Washington, D.C.
Moorman, R.H. and Phillips, J.M. (2000). Integrating Leadership Development into Graduate and Undergraduate Business Programs: A Discussion of the Advantages and Disadvantages Associated with Two Different Approaches. Workshop presented at the AACSB Continuous Improvement Symposium, "Management Education in the New Environment: Choosing to Change," Tampa, Florida.
Moorman, R.H. and Harland, L.K. (2000). The differing sources of fairness perceptions of contingent workers and their influence on organizational citizenship behavior performance. Submitted as part of the symposium “What Does it Mean to be Fair? Organizational Justice and Effective Work Behaviors,” Z. Byrne, Chair, to the 2000 Meetings of the Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychologists, New Orleans, LA.
Professional Activities
Editorial Review Board, the Journal of Management, 2006 – 2008, 2010 – 2012, 2014 – 2023.
Associate Editor, Organizational Behavior, European Management Journal, 2012 – 2013.
Editorial Review Board, European Management Journal, 2013 – 2015.
Editorial Review Board, the Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2002 – 2011.
Leadership Training and Development for the National Corn Growers Association, the National Soybean Association, the Agri-Women Association, and the Agricultural Aviators Association, 2011 - 2018.
The Leadership Academy, presenter, The National Corn Growers Association, 2019.
Service Activities
Elon University:
Graduate Programs Committee, fall 2021-present
Chair, Post-Probationary Faculty Development Committee, 2022-23
Faculty Research and Development Committee, 2019 - 2021.
Leadership Advisory Board, 2011 – 2022.
Search Committee for the Director of the Center for Leadership, 2017 – 2018.
Leadership Advisory Committee, 2016 – 2017.
Elon University Graduate Council, 2014 – 2017.
Elon University Long Range Planning Committee, 2014 – 2017.
Elon University Promotion and Tenure Committee, 2015 – 2016.
Search Committee, Dean of Elon College, 2013 – 2015.
Elon University Athletics Committee, 2012 – 2015.
Senior Faculty Research Committee, Elon University, 2013, 2014.
Search Committee, Managing Director of CATL, 2012 – 2013.
University Committee on Leadership, 2011 – 2012.
Revson Grant Steering Committee, 2011 – 2014.
Elon University Love School of Business Committees
MBA Revision Committee, 2021 – present.
Co-Chair, Strategic Planning Committee 2019 – 2020.
Department Captain for Faculty/Staff Giving Campaign, 2017-2018.
Chair, Search Committee, Department of Management position in OBHR, 2017.
Advisor: Student Chapter of SIE, 2017 – 2019.
Advisor: Student Chapter of Alpha Phi Omega, a student service fraternity, 2016 – 2017.
Chair of Advisory Committee on Associate Dean/Director of Graduate Programs, 2017.
Chair, Search Committee, Department of Management position in OB, 2016.
Search Committee, Department of Management positions in strategy, 2016.
Search Committee, Faculty in Information Systems, 2015-16.
Co-Chair, LSB Core Curriculum Committee, 2015
Chair, Search Committee, Department of Management position in HR, 2013.
Selection Committee for the Love Term Chair in Business, 2013.
Chair, Academic Qualification Committee, 2013 – present.
Search Committee, International Business and Strategy position, 2012.
Creighton University
Vice President’s Administration and Finance Committee, 2010 – 2011.
University Rank and Tenure Committee, 2010 – 2013
College Rank and Tenure Committee, 2009-2010.
University RSP Advisory Committee, 2008 – 2011.
Administrative Committee, 2008.
Executive Committee, 2008.
Graduate Programs Committee, 2007 – 2011.
University Rank and Tenure Committee, 2004 – 2006.
College of Business Deans Search Committee, 2004 – 2005.
University Committee on Student Learning and Leadership, 2004 – 2005.
University Committee on the Freshman Year Experience, 2004 – 2005.
Selection Committee for the Union Pacific Professorship (Chair), 2005
Freshman Seminar Advisory Committee, Creighton University, 2002-2003.
Rank and Tenure Committee, College of Business Administration, 2001 - 2004.
Undergraduate Curriculum Taskforce, College of Business Administration, 2000 – 2002.
Chairs Research Committee, 2003 – 2011.
MBA Curriculum Committee, College of Business Administration, 1999-2000.
Curriculum Committee, College of Business Administration, 2000 - 2002.
Awards
2018 - 2019 Research Sabbatical. Research projects in New Zealand, January – May 2019.
2017 President’s Report on Research. One of eight Elon faculty recognized for research performance.
Decennial Influential Article Award 2000, for Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S., Moorman, R.H., & Fetter, R. (1990). The influence of transformational leader behaviors on organizational citizenship behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 1, 107-142. Article was selected by the editorial team of The Leadership Quarterly as the “most influential on academia” and the article “best reflecting the editorial policy of the journal regarding methodological and theoretical rigor.”
Outstanding Editorial Review Board Member, the Journal of Organizational Behavior (2010). Selection based on quality and quantity of reviews.
Ranked as #121 on a list of top 150 most cited scholars in the field of management from 1981 – 2004 in Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B., Podsakoff, N.P. & Bachrach, D.G. (2008). Scholarly influence in the field of management: A bibliometric analysis of the determinants of university and author impact in the management literature in the past quarter century. Journal of Management, 34, 641 – 720.
Cahill Award for Excellence, 2008, Creighton University College of Business Administration. This award was given in honor of the contribution made by my work developing the Anna Tyler Waite Leadership Scholars Program.
Dean’s Award for Excellence 2004 – 2005, Creighton University College of Business Administration. This award was based on outstanding performance in the areas of teaching, research, and service.
Dean’s Award for Excellence 2000 – 2001, Creighton University College of Business Administration. This award was based on outstanding performance in the areas of teaching, research, and service.
Outstanding Researcher in the Department of Management, West Virginia University for 1997-98.
Outstanding Teacher, Department of Management and Industrial Relations, West Virginia University, 1996-97.
Outstanding Researcher, Department of Management, West Virginia University for 1993-94.
Outstanding Researcher, College of Business and Economics, West Virginia University for 1993-94.